Today we took a 75 point test on Chapters 9 through 12 from our textbook. Then we watched a documentary called "A White Man's Democracy". The main focus of this documentary is on Andrew Jackson. We got mostly through Question 7 on the worksheet.
As more economic opportunities became available to more people, everyday citizens saw the need to have more say in the government. They saw the link between economic opportunities and political power, so there was a great surge in participation in government. Jacksonian Democracy appealed to the common, everyday American.
Andrew Jackson reflected the vitality and irascibility of the common man. He was masculine, rough, rugged, and a successful military man. His rough childhood and lack of formal schooling or military training made more people relate with him, made him appear less threatening, and made him seem like an underdog. The Panic of 1819 also made people very distrustful of rich people.
However, Andrew Jackson did not appeal to everyone. His reputation for violent outbursts, his obsession with honor and revenge, and his multitude of duels alarmed people. People were actually very scared of him because of his temperament and actions.
Andrew Jackson was a contradictory man. On one hand, he held a lifelong suspicion of the rich and wealthy, but also proudly displayed his own wealth. As a believer in equality and freedom, he was one of the biggest slaveholders in Tennessee. He demanded deference, yet was unwilling to defer to the elites, who he thought had looked down on him his whole life.
Although both Democratic Republicans, Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson had differing views on what a democracy should look like. In a Jeffersonian Democracy, the average man would choose leaders, but would not become representatives themselves. The leaders would be chosen from a pool of educated aristocrats. In a Jacksonian Democracy, however, the role of the electorate was to choose, as well as produce, leaders.
The Corrupt Bargain took place during the Election of 1824. The election was between Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, and Henry Clay. Although Andrew Jackson won the most electoral votes out of the four candidates, he did not win the majority, so the vote went to the House of Representatives with just the top three candidates. Out of the running, Henry Clay threw his support behind John Quincy Adams, who then won the election. In the new Adams administration, Henry Clay was named Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson was furious at this and believed a deal between Clay and Adams had taken place. There is no evidence of such a deal, but the events do point to a possible deal between the two men.
The 1828 presidential election between John Quincy Adams, running for a second term, and Andrew Jackson was a very nasty one. Supporters on both sides tried to sully their opponent's name. John Quincy Adams was accused by Jackson's supporters of corruption, pimping, and supporting special interests. Jackson, on the other hand, was called a vigilante, an unprincipled adulterer, a dueler, and a bastard son of a prostitute by the National Republicans, Adams' supporters.
Unfortunately for the National Republicans, their strategy backfired and helped Jackson's campaign instead of hurt it. By emphasizing his fiery, iconoclastic nature, they made it easier for the people to relate with Jackson and see him as one of their own.
Thursday, September 11, 2014
Tuesday, September 9, 2014
Week 4 Day 2
Today we finished up the documentary and worksheet on the Supreme Court and took a quiz on Chapters 9-12 on Edmodo. The test on the block day will have questions on the documentary as well.
The rest of the documentary was about various court cases that enhanced and solidified the judicial branch's power and authority. In all the cases, the Supreme Court ruled that federal power wins over state powers.
Years before, the Georgia Legislature sold many acres of land for about one cent per acre. The land went to four big landholders, who then sold it to others for a much higher price. It was not known until later that all the legislators had been bribed to sell the land for cheap. People were furious and the new legislature wanted to take the land back. What made this more complicated was that the land had, at this point, been sold to people unrelated to the scam. The people who now owned the land did not want to give it back and sued, which became the Fletcher v. Peck case. The question the Supreme Court had to consider was whether or not legislature can take back land that has been sold. The Supreme Court ruled that the legislature cannot interfere in private affairs such as this. John Marshall believed that the legislature had attacked order and private property and that people had the right to acquire and keep land. The ruling stated that states cannot void contracts. Marshall wanted to protect the basic rights of property and contract, as well as individual rights.
The Second Bank of the United States had its charter renewed and was charged with creating a more uniform currency. However, the bank was actually a private enterprise run by private shareholders, and competed with local banks. The bank became very unpopular, especially when the economy got worse. The situation got so bad that Maryland decided to pass a bill that would tax the bank set up by the federal government in Maryland. McCulloch refused to pay the tax and sued Maryland. He lost in the Maryland court, but then appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court knocked down the Maryland tax and stated that the bank is constitutional because of the "necessary and proper" clause. The Supreme Court did not let the tax stand because with the power to tax comes the power to destroy. This ruling clearly declared that states cannot tax the federal government and do not have the right to destroy part of the federal government.
Jefferson was furious at this and accused the Supreme Court of taking away state sovereignty. He encouraged states to assert their rights. The Supreme Court believed that the national government was founded by the people, not by the states, and that it was for the people.
During the time of the McCulloch v. Maryland case, Virginia's economy had been falling apart, making Virginians more pessimistic and paranoid. When they learned of this ruling, they worried that it would open the door to Congress eventually abolishing slavery and pushing states around. The states would be powerless to oppose this because it had been made clear in the McCulloch v. Maryland case that the federal government is supreme over the states.
The quiz is 20 questions long and has a time limit of 10 minutes. The questions are not multiple choice, so answers have to be typed in.
The rest of the documentary was about various court cases that enhanced and solidified the judicial branch's power and authority. In all the cases, the Supreme Court ruled that federal power wins over state powers.
Years before, the Georgia Legislature sold many acres of land for about one cent per acre. The land went to four big landholders, who then sold it to others for a much higher price. It was not known until later that all the legislators had been bribed to sell the land for cheap. People were furious and the new legislature wanted to take the land back. What made this more complicated was that the land had, at this point, been sold to people unrelated to the scam. The people who now owned the land did not want to give it back and sued, which became the Fletcher v. Peck case. The question the Supreme Court had to consider was whether or not legislature can take back land that has been sold. The Supreme Court ruled that the legislature cannot interfere in private affairs such as this. John Marshall believed that the legislature had attacked order and private property and that people had the right to acquire and keep land. The ruling stated that states cannot void contracts. Marshall wanted to protect the basic rights of property and contract, as well as individual rights.
The Second Bank of the United States had its charter renewed and was charged with creating a more uniform currency. However, the bank was actually a private enterprise run by private shareholders, and competed with local banks. The bank became very unpopular, especially when the economy got worse. The situation got so bad that Maryland decided to pass a bill that would tax the bank set up by the federal government in Maryland. McCulloch refused to pay the tax and sued Maryland. He lost in the Maryland court, but then appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court knocked down the Maryland tax and stated that the bank is constitutional because of the "necessary and proper" clause. The Supreme Court did not let the tax stand because with the power to tax comes the power to destroy. This ruling clearly declared that states cannot tax the federal government and do not have the right to destroy part of the federal government.
Jefferson was furious at this and accused the Supreme Court of taking away state sovereignty. He encouraged states to assert their rights. The Supreme Court believed that the national government was founded by the people, not by the states, and that it was for the people.
During the time of the McCulloch v. Maryland case, Virginia's economy had been falling apart, making Virginians more pessimistic and paranoid. When they learned of this ruling, they worried that it would open the door to Congress eventually abolishing slavery and pushing states around. The states would be powerless to oppose this because it had been made clear in the McCulloch v. Maryland case that the federal government is supreme over the states.
The quiz is 20 questions long and has a time limit of 10 minutes. The questions are not multiple choice, so answers have to be typed in.
Monday, September 8, 2014
Week 4 Day 1
Today in class we reviewed the Era of Good Feelings slide from the War of 1812 PPT and covered the Missouri Compromise as well as the Monroe Doctrine. We then watched a documentary on the Supreme Court and filled out the worksheet through question 6.
The Missouri Compromise delayed answering the question of slavery by stating that new states north of the southern Missouri border would not allow slavery. This compromise only applied to the lands acquired through the Louisiana Purchase. Maine separated from Massachusetts and also became a free state to balance the number of free states and slave states. Slavery was slowly going out of existence because with the US slowly transitioning from agrarian to manufacturing, slaves were taking away jobs from workers, and were not as efficient as machinery. The slave states were aware that the free states would only grow in number, so they were worried the free states would try to impose a constitutional amendment banning slavery.
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) stated that European nations should not be allowed to interfere or colonize in the Western Hemisphere unless they were already there. In exchange, America would stay out of European affairs. The doctrine was inspired by the Central and South American colonies' attempts to gain independence from Spain. The Europeans were fine with this because then they could focus on other matters. The Doctrine may have played an indirect part in the Scramble for Africa that would later occur.
The documentary is called "The Supreme Court: One Nation Under Law" and is about how the Supreme Court gained such enormous power and prestige. John Marshall is the main focus of the documentary. The Marbury v. Madison case began at the very end of John Adam's presidency. Federal judges are appointed for life, so Adams tried to stuff as many Federalists into those positions as possible the very last night of his presidency. Unfortunately for him, he was not able to send out all the commissions in time and so the posts remained unfilled. Jefferson and Madison, both Republicans, refused to send out the commissions and left them alone. Ten months later, however, Marbury, who had been promised a position as a federal judge, demanded that Madison give him his commission. James Madison refused and Marbury sued.
Through the Marbury v. Madison case, Marshall created the concept of judicial review and gave it to the Supreme Court. He did so by ruling in favor of Madison, Jefferson's ally, but also implicitly stating that the Supreme Court has the power to interpret the laws and make sure they are constitutional. This put Jefferson in a difficult position because if he argued against judicial review, and therefore the ruling, he would have to fill the federal courts with Adam's handpicked Federalist judges, an action he was not willing to take. Marshall's strategy put Jefferson in a lose-lose situation, and so the Supreme Court became a coequal branch along with the legislative and executive branches.
The Missouri Compromise delayed answering the question of slavery by stating that new states north of the southern Missouri border would not allow slavery. This compromise only applied to the lands acquired through the Louisiana Purchase. Maine separated from Massachusetts and also became a free state to balance the number of free states and slave states. Slavery was slowly going out of existence because with the US slowly transitioning from agrarian to manufacturing, slaves were taking away jobs from workers, and were not as efficient as machinery. The slave states were aware that the free states would only grow in number, so they were worried the free states would try to impose a constitutional amendment banning slavery.
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) stated that European nations should not be allowed to interfere or colonize in the Western Hemisphere unless they were already there. In exchange, America would stay out of European affairs. The doctrine was inspired by the Central and South American colonies' attempts to gain independence from Spain. The Europeans were fine with this because then they could focus on other matters. The Doctrine may have played an indirect part in the Scramble for Africa that would later occur.
The documentary is called "The Supreme Court: One Nation Under Law" and is about how the Supreme Court gained such enormous power and prestige. John Marshall is the main focus of the documentary. The Marbury v. Madison case began at the very end of John Adam's presidency. Federal judges are appointed for life, so Adams tried to stuff as many Federalists into those positions as possible the very last night of his presidency. Unfortunately for him, he was not able to send out all the commissions in time and so the posts remained unfilled. Jefferson and Madison, both Republicans, refused to send out the commissions and left them alone. Ten months later, however, Marbury, who had been promised a position as a federal judge, demanded that Madison give him his commission. James Madison refused and Marbury sued.
Through the Marbury v. Madison case, Marshall created the concept of judicial review and gave it to the Supreme Court. He did so by ruling in favor of Madison, Jefferson's ally, but also implicitly stating that the Supreme Court has the power to interpret the laws and make sure they are constitutional. This put Jefferson in a difficult position because if he argued against judicial review, and therefore the ruling, he would have to fill the federal courts with Adam's handpicked Federalist judges, an action he was not willing to take. Marshall's strategy put Jefferson in a lose-lose situation, and so the Supreme Court became a coequal branch along with the legislative and executive branches.
Sunday, September 7, 2014
The War of Assertion, and the Aftermath
The lecture that happened on Friday covers the events that were started by the election of 1800; the world's first peaceful party power shift, and concludes with the advent of true American Independence.
Referring to the previous statement, true American Independence would be a very confusing assertion due to the fact that independence was already claimed after 1783; even though the French, British, and American delegates concluded agreements for the Revolutionary war, many of those points were disregarded by the British and some of those offenses were even enacted by the French. The reason why the British disobeyed the treaty was in part with their desire to control the remaining American territory, and also had to do with America's trading system with the French. The french disobeyed because the Treaty of Paris wasn't upheld by the Americans and the Americans had trading with England. In short both sides wanted America to pick one side to support, which was a confrontation that America didn't like. The American side issued many acts: one such act as the Embargo act, which prohibited American goods at foreign ports. This leads to the Non-Intercourse Act meant to target the French and British specifically, and finally giving way to Macon's Bill, which at first was a fair document; one that punished the Nation which further impressed American ships, however the American side decided to trade with the French even though they had broken the rule written in Macon's Bill. Needless to say the British go berserk and targets the American Nation. Soon a group known as the War Hawks form and begin to spark the state's passion for battle with the British. Soon enough is enough and war is finally declared. With the current state of Britain and the war against Napoleon, America believes that the British would soon lose; however the Battle of Trafalgar occurs, which leaves Napoleon utterly beaten and America in the full gaze of the British army. The remnants of the Federalist party meets at the Hartford Convention to discuss options with the new situation with Britain. Soon the word leaks out that such a convention happened and the Democratic-Republicans dismiss the Federalist as traitors which changes the evolution of politics in the coming century. Luckily for America they are fighting on home territory, and the British while not out-numbered, or out-classed, remain out-matched and lose the war. A new peace agreement, Treaty of Ghent, comes to fruition truly proving America's independence, and any huge disputes in the coming century. But this leads to a new problem. The great amount of land obtained from all of the events. Whether they were to be labeled as Slave or Free states; in turn labeling which political affiliation they would be branded with. But only time will tell.
Referring to the previous statement, true American Independence would be a very confusing assertion due to the fact that independence was already claimed after 1783; even though the French, British, and American delegates concluded agreements for the Revolutionary war, many of those points were disregarded by the British and some of those offenses were even enacted by the French. The reason why the British disobeyed the treaty was in part with their desire to control the remaining American territory, and also had to do with America's trading system with the French. The french disobeyed because the Treaty of Paris wasn't upheld by the Americans and the Americans had trading with England. In short both sides wanted America to pick one side to support, which was a confrontation that America didn't like. The American side issued many acts: one such act as the Embargo act, which prohibited American goods at foreign ports. This leads to the Non-Intercourse Act meant to target the French and British specifically, and finally giving way to Macon's Bill, which at first was a fair document; one that punished the Nation which further impressed American ships, however the American side decided to trade with the French even though they had broken the rule written in Macon's Bill. Needless to say the British go berserk and targets the American Nation. Soon a group known as the War Hawks form and begin to spark the state's passion for battle with the British. Soon enough is enough and war is finally declared. With the current state of Britain and the war against Napoleon, America believes that the British would soon lose; however the Battle of Trafalgar occurs, which leaves Napoleon utterly beaten and America in the full gaze of the British army. The remnants of the Federalist party meets at the Hartford Convention to discuss options with the new situation with Britain. Soon the word leaks out that such a convention happened and the Democratic-Republicans dismiss the Federalist as traitors which changes the evolution of politics in the coming century. Luckily for America they are fighting on home territory, and the British while not out-numbered, or out-classed, remain out-matched and lose the war. A new peace agreement, Treaty of Ghent, comes to fruition truly proving America's independence, and any huge disputes in the coming century. But this leads to a new problem. The great amount of land obtained from all of the events. Whether they were to be labeled as Slave or Free states; in turn labeling which political affiliation they would be branded with. But only time will tell.
Saturday, September 6, 2014
British Embassy Jokes About Burning Down the White House
On August 24, 1814 during the War of 1812, the British captured Washington D.C., and burned down many public government buildings, including the White House. This event's 200th anniversary just passed, and as a result the British Embassy tweeted this picture with the following caption:
"Commemorating the 200th anniversary of burning the White House. Only sparklers this time!"
As a result, many angry Americans, offended by this statement, tweeted the British Embassy mentioning things like how the Germans should drop firecrackers on a London cake in 2140, referencing the "London Blitz" in World War II where Nazi Germany strategically bombed London, and how grateful Americans were that the United States was not the only country that had diplomats with the inability to tweet.
Because of the strong backlash the British Embassy received for their joke, they tweeted an apology the following morning complete with a link to an article on the Huffington post written by the head of the British Embassy discussing the historical event and how both countries have put it behind them. Similar to the actual outcome of the War of 1812, the apology was met with acceptance from the American public and things returned to how they were before.
Week 3 Day 3
The War of 1812 erupts. In 1805, Britain and France were at war amidst Napoleon's empire. At the Battle of Trafalgar, the British beat France, and France tries to employ the Continental System. Basically, both nations were trying to blockade each other, but ultimately Britain was more successful because of the size of its navy. This frustrated the USA, as they were unable to trade with either country because of the various blockades. Even more than that, the British and some of the French were hostile towards American ships, practicing the seizure of boats and impressment of sailors, as exemplified in the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. Thomas Jefferson, as president, passes the Embargo Act in 1807, an attempt at peaceable coercion. This prevented all American trade with European nations. This badly hurt the U.S. economy, and angered many merchants and sailors, especially those that carried Federalist sentiment. The Embargo Act is repealed by Congress later on, to be replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act in 1809. This was aimed specifically at France and Great Britain. Later came Macon's Bill No. 2, which said that America would side with and trade exclusively with whatever country, Britain or France, that would agree to stop hostile naval practices against American ships. Napoleon immediately accepted these terms, even though his navy wasn't the major threat to the U.S.A. This act really angered Britain, who saw France and America as enemies.
The British then decided to ally with the Indians however they could. Indians began to unite under Tecumsuh and the Prophet, but were ultimately quashed by American forces, notably at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. The War Hawks in America, a new congressional generation, pushed for war because they saw British as the instigator of the Indian-American problem, and wanted land in Canada that a victory over Britain promised. President Madison tried to avoid war as best he could, but once the War Hawks of the Democratic-Republicans gained the majority in Congress, war was declared on Great Britain in 1812.
At first, Britain was focused on defeating France in Europe, but once France was defeated in Russia, Great Britain sent an army to the U.S. in 1814. They burned down the capital building in Washington D.C. and began to target New York and New Orleans, the stronghold of the southern territories. Eventually, peace was announced, even though the Battle of New Orleans, an American victory, was fought 3 months after the treaty was signed. This Treaty of Ghent in 1814 brought back the status quo and peace, and the Napoleonic Wars were resolved as well.
Thus began the Era of Good Feelings, when there was only one political party in existence, as the Federalist party fell apart around 1816. The second bank of the U.S. was created, and Henry Clay developed the American system, featuring a focus transportation and infrastructure reforms. The Great Migration west began, and people saw land as money. However, the value of the land was over speculated, and prices climbed and climbed until they collapsed completely, causing the Panic of 1819 and a subsequent recession.
The Louisiana Purchase was carried out in 1803 by Jefferson, an ironic large exercise of federal power. Lewis and Clark were sent to explore these new territories, and people followed them and began to settle. Eventually, these territories and their people desired to become states, and every single time, the slavery question was raised in each potential state. The Missouri Compromise was released in 1819, stating that all territories above the southern Missouri borderline would be free of slavery, and all states below that would be slave states.
Sorry about the length, ttyl,
Addie Feldman
The British then decided to ally with the Indians however they could. Indians began to unite under Tecumsuh and the Prophet, but were ultimately quashed by American forces, notably at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. The War Hawks in America, a new congressional generation, pushed for war because they saw British as the instigator of the Indian-American problem, and wanted land in Canada that a victory over Britain promised. President Madison tried to avoid war as best he could, but once the War Hawks of the Democratic-Republicans gained the majority in Congress, war was declared on Great Britain in 1812.
At first, Britain was focused on defeating France in Europe, but once France was defeated in Russia, Great Britain sent an army to the U.S. in 1814. They burned down the capital building in Washington D.C. and began to target New York and New Orleans, the stronghold of the southern territories. Eventually, peace was announced, even though the Battle of New Orleans, an American victory, was fought 3 months after the treaty was signed. This Treaty of Ghent in 1814 brought back the status quo and peace, and the Napoleonic Wars were resolved as well.
Thus began the Era of Good Feelings, when there was only one political party in existence, as the Federalist party fell apart around 1816. The second bank of the U.S. was created, and Henry Clay developed the American system, featuring a focus transportation and infrastructure reforms. The Great Migration west began, and people saw land as money. However, the value of the land was over speculated, and prices climbed and climbed until they collapsed completely, causing the Panic of 1819 and a subsequent recession.
The Louisiana Purchase was carried out in 1803 by Jefferson, an ironic large exercise of federal power. Lewis and Clark were sent to explore these new territories, and people followed them and began to settle. Eventually, these territories and their people desired to become states, and every single time, the slavery question was raised in each potential state. The Missouri Compromise was released in 1819, stating that all territories above the southern Missouri borderline would be free of slavery, and all states below that would be slave states.
Sorry about the length, ttyl,
Addie Feldman
Friday, September 5, 2014
Week 3 Day 2
After we've cleared the basics of the Federalist program vs. the Democrat-Republican program, we can move forward in time and see how the nation stabilized itself and attempted to move forward atop its shaky new federal government. Understandably, America was swamped in debt after the Revolutionary War. Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton, appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Washington, introduced his new policy in order to save the economy first and foremost. He planned for excise taxes, assumption of state debt, and a national bank. Not all of these concepts were new, but all caused suspicion and apprehension among Democrat-Republicans and everyday Americans alike. They were afraid of the federal government gaining too much power, and disliked the focus on commercial and industrial production instead of on the agrarian lifestyle. Despite objections, Hamilton's plan went through, and effectively so. The economy stabilized, and America accepted the debt as a manageable blessing.
Fast forward to the end of Washington's presidency, and he warns the nation not to become too entangled in foreign affairs in his farewell address. His preach of neutrality goes a long way with his successor, John Adams. He does his best to preserve the peace with France, but damn John Jay signs his treaty with Britain in 1796. These loose peace terms enrage France, causing an unofficial but costly maritime war between the U.S. and France. Thus, "damn John Jay, damn everyone who won't damn John Jay, damn everyone who won't stay up all night damning John Jay!" (if you missed class today please do yourself a favor and ask Mr. Stewart to hear this portion of the short movie we watched). Democrat-Republicans were angry with Jay for signing the treaty because they favored France and were upset when America entered into the undeclared naval war. During Jay's term, the Alien and Sedition Acts were also passed, which basically legalized Federalist censorship of the Republican press, and made it harder for foreigners to become citizens. Many questioned the constitutionality of these acts (and constitutionality in these didn't exist, if you ask me), including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who responded to these repressive measures with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. There was talk of secession from the nation by a few states, because they found that if they could nullify acts passed by the federal government, they could nullify the entire government. However, the Union held together until the 1800 election.
In this election, the first distinctive political parties were formed, being the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The election went to Thomas Jefferson instead of the other Republican, Aaron Burr, by a slim margin, after the decision of the House to elect Jefferson over his competitor. The significance of this election was in the shift of regimes from Federalist to Democratic-Republicans. The transition was peaceful, showing there could be smooth changes from party to party during elections. What's not peaceful, however, is damning John Jay.
Also sorry this is so long,
Addie Feldman
Fast forward to the end of Washington's presidency, and he warns the nation not to become too entangled in foreign affairs in his farewell address. His preach of neutrality goes a long way with his successor, John Adams. He does his best to preserve the peace with France, but damn John Jay signs his treaty with Britain in 1796. These loose peace terms enrage France, causing an unofficial but costly maritime war between the U.S. and France. Thus, "damn John Jay, damn everyone who won't damn John Jay, damn everyone who won't stay up all night damning John Jay!" (if you missed class today please do yourself a favor and ask Mr. Stewart to hear this portion of the short movie we watched). Democrat-Republicans were angry with Jay for signing the treaty because they favored France and were upset when America entered into the undeclared naval war. During Jay's term, the Alien and Sedition Acts were also passed, which basically legalized Federalist censorship of the Republican press, and made it harder for foreigners to become citizens. Many questioned the constitutionality of these acts (and constitutionality in these didn't exist, if you ask me), including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who responded to these repressive measures with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. There was talk of secession from the nation by a few states, because they found that if they could nullify acts passed by the federal government, they could nullify the entire government. However, the Union held together until the 1800 election.
In this election, the first distinctive political parties were formed, being the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The election went to Thomas Jefferson instead of the other Republican, Aaron Burr, by a slim margin, after the decision of the House to elect Jefferson over his competitor. The significance of this election was in the shift of regimes from Federalist to Democratic-Republicans. The transition was peaceful, showing there could be smooth changes from party to party during elections. What's not peaceful, however, is damning John Jay.
Also sorry this is so long,
Addie Feldman
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